At Metal Veneers we are (maybe unsurprisingly) absolutely head over heels in love with metals! Below are just a few reasons why we think metals are so interesting …
Brass - Brass is a metal alloy (in layman's terms a mixture) made of mainly copper and zinc. The actual amount of ingredients can vary from manufacturer to manufacturer and depends on what the metal is being designed to do. Many brass mixtures will also include things like silicon or even arsenic! Brass has been used to make all manner of different things over the years due to its many useful properties. Its low friction quality is useful in lock and gear making as well as making it an ideal anti spark covering for ammunition shells and for tools used around explosive gases. And of course its excellent combination of high workability and durability has always made it first choice for musical instruments, where would we be without a good old fashioned brass band? It's also incredibly easy to recycle, with around 90% of all brass alloy being recycled and reformed.
Forms of brass have been thought to have been used since prehistoric times though the chemistry behind the alloys was not properly understood until after the medieval period when they were finally thought of as metals. There are references to brass in both the King James Bible and in Shakespearean English and before that the Romans the romans used it to mint some of their coinage.
Bronze - Bronze is an alloy made up of primarily copper and tin. Depending on any other additives, the resulting alloy can be harder than copper alone or have increased stiffness or ductility. Discovery of this allow began the time known as the bronze age, making it easier for prehistoric people to make hard tools, weapons and building materials. Originally these tools were made of a mixture of copper and arsenic, known as arsenic bronze with the earliest examples coming from the Iranian plateau in around 5000 BC. Earliest examples of what we think of as bronze now, with tin being used instead of arsenic come from around 3000BC and were much easier to cast and stronger.
Whilst most people will think of art when they think of bronze, it is still used in all manner of industries today including the manufacture of ship propellors, electrical contacts and in medals.
Copper - Copper is a pure chemical element known to scientists by the symbol Cu. It is a soft, malleable metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. It has a famously red/orange colour and oxidises to form a green colour when weathered. It is a pure metal found in nature with some experts thinking it was the first metal to be used by humans - around 8000BC! Copper is one of only four elemental metals with a natural colour that is not grey or silver. Many compounds containing copper have a bright blue or green colour which has been widely used throughout history as a pigment. It is essential for all living things as part of respiration and is even found in the blood of mollusks and crustaceans giving their blood a blue color. Because of its lustrous appearance it was often associated with the Greek goddesses Aphrodite and Venus, with the association being carried through to medieval times where alchemists used the same symbol for copper as for Venus and the female form.
Copper has also has links to medicine for thousands of years. Practitioners of alternative medicine claim copper is an aid for arthritis, though studies have not found scientific proof for this. There is however a large amount of evidence regarding the germicidal and bactericidal properties of copper. It is known as a biostatic substance, as bacteria will not grow on its surface. Copper and its alloys have long been known to destroy a wide range of micro-organisms including E.coli, fungi and MRSA with products having been installed in many hospitals and public places all over the world to help to control the spread of infection. With its status as an antimicrobial substance, the demand for copper can only go up. This pattern can already be seen - in use for at least 10000 years, 95% of all copper mined has been extracted since 1900 and more than half mined in the last 24 years
Iron - Iron has been used since ancient times to produce everything from cooking pots to weapons. By mass it is the Earths most common element, playing a key role in both the Earth's crust and it's metallic core. Iron is actually thought to be the sixth most abundant element in the universe, creating Mars's distinctive red surface and being the base for around 1 in 20 meteorites. It is the main ingredient in steel, which uses carbon to make steel 1000 times stronger than pure iron. Steel and other iron compounds are by far the most prevalent metals used in
industry, due to their large range of desirable industrial properties and the widespread abundance of naturally occurring iron ore. Pure iron used in industry is known as either wrought iron or cast iron depending on the method used to process it. Wrought iron is iron that has been heated and then worked into a shape whereas cast iron is heated to its melting point and then poured as a liquid into a pre-made mould.
Wrought Iron - Wrought iron is the simpler of the two processes as it does not require the technology to get the iron to very high temperatures to melt it. Samples of worked meteoric iron have been found in Syria from around 3500 BC. Iron from meteors was highly regarded as iron sent down from the heavens. There is even mention of the substance several times in the bible, with it first being mentioned in the Book of Genesis.
Cast Iron - Cast iron was first used by the Chinese though became much more widely available in Europe in medieval times. In the 1700's a coke fired blast furnace was invented which made cast iron production much cheaper and lead to the beginnings of the industrial revolution. As iron became more plentiful and cheaper, it became a major component in industry and structural engineering with the first iron bridge being completed in 1778.
Tin - Tin is a pure chemical element with the chemical symbol Sn. Used as part of the first man made alloy, bronze, tin has been used along with copper since around 3000 BC. Tin was produced as a pure substance around 600 BC, it does not occur as natural substance and so must be extracted from ores hence the later date. Today, tin is used in many alloyed, most notably in solders, tin plating of steel and, due to its low toxicity, in food packaging. Historically, the metal's importance was one of the major reasons for the conquests of Britain, including the roman conquests, due to large tin deposits found in southern England and Wales. Today, most tin is mined in China, Indonesia and South America. At the current consumption rates, Earth's mineable tin will be used up in around 40 years. However, with tin usage going up by around 2% a year, deposits may run out even quicker.